[154] In the Middle East, only Israel and Oman give wolves explicit legal protection. [36][70][72] Wolves also kill red, Arctic and corsac foxes, usually in disputes over carcasses, sometimes eating them. Despite these threats, the IUCN classifies the wolf as Least Concern on its Red List due to its relatively widespread range and stable population. A wolf's legs are long compared to their body size allowing them to travel up to 76 km (47 mi) in 12 hours. The basal position of the coyote compared to the wolf is proposed to be due to the coyote retaining more of the mitochondrial genome of this unidentified canid. Predatory attacks can occur at any time of the year, with a peak in the June–August period, when the chances of people entering forested areas (for livestock grazing or berry and mushroom picking) increase. [43] The average pack across Eurasia consists of a family of eight wolves (two adults, juveniles, and yearlings),[36] or sometimes two or three such families,[40] with examples of exceptionally large packs consisting of up to 42 wolves being known. [16][17][18], Genomic studies suggest modern wolves and dogs descend from a common ancestral wolf population[19][20][21] that existed 20,000 years ago. (August) Gray wolves returned to California for the first time in nearly a century. [186], Aesop featured wolves in several of his fables, playing on the concerns of Ancient Greece's settled, sheep-herding world. [120] On bare paths, a wolf can quickly achieve speeds of 50–60 km/h (31–37 mph). The gray wolf is not to be confused with the red wolf, for instance. Adoptee males may mate with an available pack female and then form their own pack. [119], The wolf usually travels at a loping pace, placing one of its paws directly in front of the other. Between 5 and 24 subspecies of gray wolves are recognized in North America and 7 to 12 are recognized in Eurasia, with 1 in Africa. They can live up to 13 years in the wild, but most die long before that age. Wolverines escape from wolves in caves or up trees. A person is more likely to be fatally mauled by a pet wolf or wolf-dog hybrid than by a dog. There have been few substantiated wolf attacks on humans in North America. Tolstoy's War and Peace and Chekhov's Peasants both feature scenes in which wolves are hunted with hounds and Borzois. A large percentage of the animals that wolves kill are young, old, or in poor condition. Most rabid wolf attacks occur in the spring and autumn periods. [151] In Russia, the wolf is regarded as a pest because of its attacks on livestock, and wolf management means controlling their numbers by destroying them throughout the year. Wolves probably become infected with Trichinella spiralis by eating infected ungulates. [36], A wolf's coat colour is determined by its guard hairs. Especially long hairs grow on the shoulders and almost form a crest on the upper part of the neck. In China, Heilongjiang has roughly 650 wolves, Xinjiang has 10,000 and Tibet has 2,000. [124][125][126] Hind leg wounds are inflicted from the rear, midway up the hock with the canine teeth. Other people want to control power over those who want to be free and are prepared to take that power through violent behavior. Grey Wolves members and leaders have been involved in international drug trafficking since the 1980s. Grey Wolf: Hitler's Escape to Argentina. Though humans nearly hunted wolves to extinction in the lower 48 states, northern gray wolves have returned to the Great Lakes, northern Rockies and Pacific Northwest. Standing 76 cm (30 inches) tall at the shoulder, it weighs about 45 kg (100 pounds), but weight ranges from 14 to 65 kg (31 to 143 pounds), depending on the geographic area. The latest delisting of the gray wolf is the most egregious yet, both legally and scientifically. Light-coloured wolves are common in Arctic regions. [41] Hair length on the middle of the back is 60–70 mm (2 3⁄8–2 3⁄4 in), and the guard hairs on the shoulders generally do not exceed 90 mm (3 1⁄2 in), but can reach 110–130 mm (4 3⁄8–5 1⁄8 in). Adult gray wolves are 4 to 6.56 feet (120 to 200 centimeters) long and weigh about 40 to 175 lbs. Females average about 20 percent smaller than males. Compared with those found in the modern spotted hyena, the frequency and location of tooth fractures in these wolves indicates they were habitual bone crackers. Depending on habitat location, the coloration of gray wolves can range from white to black with the majority exhibiting light brown or gray coloration. [110][112] Wolf pups begin play-fighting at the age of three weeks, though unlike young coyotes and foxes, their bites are gentle and controlled. Wolves are now returning to California on their own by dispersal of individuals from source populations in other states. Since 2005, The Grey Wolves team fixed, improved or added new features to virtually every aspect of Silent Hunter 3: realism, gameplay, models, graphics, sound... Read more about The Grey Wolves. There are no records of coyotes killing wolves, though coyotes may chase wolves if they outnumber them. [205], Human presence appears to stress wolves, as seen by increased cortisol levels in instances such as snowmobiling near their territory. [135] Most of these parasites infect wolves without adverse effects, though the effects may become more serious in sick or malnourished specimens. Among New World wolves, the Mexican wolf diverged around 5,400 years ago. [36] Female wolves tend to have smoother furred limbs than males and generally develop the smoothest overall coats as they age. One-to-one, hyenas dominate wolves, and may prey on them,[83] but wolf packs can drive off single or outnumbered hyenas. The Big Bad Wolf is portrayed as a villain capable of imitating human speech and disguising itself with human clothing. The African golden wolf is a descendant of a genetically admixed canid of 72% wolf and 28% Ethiopian wolf ancestry. [123], When wolves encounter prey that flees, they give chase. The smallest tend to be near the southern end of their distribution (the Middle East, Arabia, and India). By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. The milk canines erupt after one month. The wolf is also distinguished from ot… [220] Bites from rabid wolves are 15 times more dangerous than those of rabid dogs. Large packs seem to result from fewer young wolves’ leaving the group and from litters’ being produced by more than one female. The Trump administration has removed endangered species protections from the gray wolf, a species once persecuted to near-extinction in the … Please select which sections you would like to print: Corrections? (18 to 79 kilograms). In North America, wolves eat blueberries and raspberries. [74] Wolf interactions with American black bears are much rarer because of differences in habitat preferences. [65], In Europe, wolves eat apples, pears, figs, melons, berries and cherries. Mother wolves do not leave the den for the first few weeks, relying on the fathers to provide food for them and their young. [140] The wolf is a protected species in national parks under the Canada National Parks Act. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. [116], As well as their physical adaptations for hunting hoofed mammals, wolves possess certain behavioural, cognitive, and psychological adaptations to assist with their hunting lifestyle. In Eurasia, a large part of the diet of some wolf populations consists of livestock, while such incidents are rare in North America, where healthy populations of wild prey have been largely restored. Wolves may catch Dioctophyma renale from minks, which infects the kidneys, and can grow to lengths of 100 cm (40 in). ", "Tools for the Edge: What's New for Conserving Carnivores", 10.1641/0006-3568(2006)056[0253:TFTEWN]2.0.CO;2, 10.2193/0091-7648(2004)032[1195:HRTPSH]2.0.CO;2, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolf&oldid=991062648, Extant Middle Pleistocene first appearances, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English, Articles containing Proto-Germanic-language text, Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. After being weaned from their mother’s milk at six to nine weeks, they are fed a diet of regurgitated meat. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The latest delisting of the gray wolf is the most egregious yet, both legally and scientifically. Also, wolves with pups experience greater food stresses during this period. During the winter, a pack will commence hunting in the twilight of early evening and will hunt all night, traveling tens of kilometres. [23] A study in 2016 indicates that a population bottleneck was followed by a rapid radiation from an ancestral population at a time during, or just after, the Last Glacial Maximum. [188] In the Jataka tales the wolf is portrayed as a trickster, including one story in which it makes a hunter stop playing dead by pulling on his club. [179] In Zoroastrianism, the wolf has been demonized as the creation of Ahriman. During the Yugoslav Wars, several Serb paramilitary units adopted the wolf as their symbol, including the White Wolves and the Wolves of Vučjak. Gray wolves are the largest members of the dog family (canis lupus), and the ancestor of the domestic dog (canis lupus familiaris). In the 1800s, westward expansion brought settlers and their livestock into direct contact with native predator and prey species. Gray wolves used to prowl Colorado, but by the mid-20th century, hunters wiped them out from most of … Although blood loss, muscle damage, and tendon exposure may occur, there is no evidence of hamstringing. [45] The longest hairs occur on the back, particularly on the front quarters and neck. His most famous is the fable of "The Boy Who Cried Wolf", which is directed at those who knowingly raise false alarms, and from which the idiomatic phrase "to cry wolf" is derived. [226] Several types of dog, including the Borzoi and Kyrgyz Tajgan, have been specifically bred for wolf hunting. Papillomatosis has been recorded only once in wolves, and likely does not cause serious illness or death, though it may alter feeding behaviours. [62][68][69], Wolves typically dominate other canid species in areas where they both occur. When building dens, females make use of natural shelters like fissures in rocks, cliffs overhanging riverbanks and holes thickly covered by vegetation. [107] Oestrus and rut begin in the second half of winter and lasts for two weeks. [48] Differences in coat colour between sexes is absent in Eurasia;[50] females tend to have redder tones in North America. In the early 1980s U.S. anti-terrorism officials at the State Department reported that Türkeş is "widely believed to have been involved" in moving heroin from Turkey into Western Europe. [139] Wolf population declines have been arrested since the 1970s. Isengrim is forever the victim of Reynard's wit and cruelty, often dying at the end of each story. [60] A well-fed wolf stores fat under the skin, around the heart, intestines, kidneys, and bone marrow, particularly during the autumn and winter. [88] Cortisol levels in wolves rise significantly when a pack member dies, indicating the presence of stress. [57], In North America, the wolf's diet is dominated by wild large hoofed mammals (ungulates) and medium-sized mammals. [174], In the Pawnee creation myth, the wolf was the first animal brought to Earth. [91] The distance travelled by dispersing wolves varies widely; some stay in the vicinity of the parental group, while other individuals may travel great distances of upwards of 206 km (128 mi), 390 km (240 mi), and 670 km (420 mi) from their natal (birth) packs. [214][217] Shepherd dogs are not particularly aggressive, but they can disrupt potential wolf predation by displaying what is to the wolf ambiguous behaviours, such as barking, social greeting, invitation to play or aggression. Between 5 and 24 subspecies of gray wolves are recognized in North America and 7 to 12 are recognized in Eurasia, with 1 in Africa . The Advent of Canine Population Genomics", "Old World Canis spp. Beavers and hares are eaten when available, and wolves in western Canada even fish for Pacific salmon. The wolf's sense of smell is at least comparable to that of the domestic dog, which is at least ten thousand times more sensitive than a human's. The young are usually born in a den consisting of a natural hole or a burrow, often in a hillside. The Santals considered them fair game, as they did every other forest-dwelling animal. It is proposed that these features were specialized adaptations for the processing of carcass and bone associated with the hunting and scavenging of Pleistocene megafauna. [134], Bacterial diseases carried by wolves include: brucellosis, Lyme disease, leptospirosis, tularemia, bovine tuberculosis,[136] listeriosis and anthrax. Wolves in packs usually dominate cougars and can steal their kills or even kill them,[79] while one-to-one encounters tend to be dominated by the cat. Competition with humans for livestock and game species, concerns over the danger posed by wolves to people, and habitat fragmentation pose a continued threat to the wolf. [206], Livestock depredation has been one of the primary reasons for hunting wolves and can pose a severe problem for wolf conservation. It can be hunted in Yukon Valley. The grey wolf is the world’s largest wild dog species, with the male generally taller than the female. Gray wolf, (Canis lupus), also called timber wolf, largest wild member of the dog family (Canidae). In autumn the pack starts to travel again within its territory, and the pups must keep up. [36] The average pack size in North America is eight wolves and in Europe 5.5 wolves. [179] In Hindu mythology, Krishna, to convince the people of Vraja to migrate to Vṛndāvana, creates hundreds of wolves from his hairs, which frighten the inhabitants of Vraja into making the journey. [181] In Tantric Buddhism, wolves are depicted as inhabitants of graveyards and destroyers of corpses. Wolves may be hunted or trapped with a license; around 1,200 wolves are harvested annually. [71] Interactions have been observed in Eurasia between wolves and golden jackals, the latter's numbers being comparatively small in areas with high wolf densities. The top of the head, forehead, under and between the eyes, and between the eyes and ears is gray with a reddish film. [49], In North America, the coat colours of wolves follow Gloger's rule, wolves in the Canadian arctic being white and those in southern Canada, the U.S., and Mexico being predominantly gray. with taxonomic ambiguity: Workshop conclusions and recommendations. [115] The size of a wolf hunting pack is related to the number of pups that survived the previous winter, adult survival, and the rate of dispersing wolves leaving the pack. [140] As of 2016, estimates of wolf numbers include: 4,000 in the Balkans, 3,460–3,849 in the Carpathian Mountains, 1,700–2,240 in the Baltic states, 1,100–2,400 in the Italian peninsula, and around 2,500 in the northwest Iberian peninsula as of 2007. Rudyard Kipling's Law of the Jungle Meets Yellowstone's Law of the Mountains", "Never Cry Wolf: Science, Sentiment, and the Literary Rehabilitation of, "A Wolf in Sheep's Clothing: Beijing's Unwanted Best Seller", "A Novel, by Someone, Takes China by Storm", "Wolf attacks on dogs in Scandinavia 1995–2005—Will wolves in Scandinavia go extinct if dog owners are allowed to kill a wolf attacking a dog? [220] How wolves react to humans depends largely on their prior experience with people: wolves lacking any negative experience of humans, or which are food-conditioned, may show little fear of people. [14] The earliest fossils of C. lupus were found in what was once eastern Beringia at Old Crow, Yukon, Canada, and at Cripple Creek Sump, Fairbanks, Alaska. [195], Wolves are among the central characters of Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book. Experts and activists say the … Wolves are excellent learners that match or outperform domestic dogs. [207][216] The most frequently killed hunting breeds in Scandinavia are Harriers, older animals being most at risk, likely because they are less timid than younger animals, and react to the presence of wolves differently. [207], The majority of losses occur during the summer grazing period, untended livestock in remote pastures being the most vulnerable to wolf predation. The demi-wolf is a common crest, appearing in the arms and crests of members of many families, including that of the Wolfes, whose crest depicts a demi-wolf holding a crown in its paws, in reference to the assistance the family gave to Charles II during the Battle of Worcester. [59] Wolves can digest their meal in a few hours and can feed several times in one day, making quick use of large quantities of meat. The wolf is the most common animal in Spanish heraldry and is often depicted as carrying a lamb in its mouth, or across its back. Actual fights to establish hierarchy usually occur at five to eight weeks of age. [148] In many countries of the European Union, the wolf is strictly protected under the 1979 Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Appendix II) and the 1992 Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora (Annex II and IV). The muzzle is pale ochreous gray, and the area of the lips, cheeks, chin, and throat is white. It inhabits vast areas of the Northern Hemisphere. The optimal pack size for hunting elk is four wolves, and for bison a large pack size is more successful. Wolves play a key role in keeping ecosystems healthy. Ancylostoma caninum attaches itself on the intestinal wall to feed on the host's blood, and can cause hyperchromic anemia, emaciation, diarrhea, and possibly death. [220] Indian wolves have a history of preying on children, a phenomenon called "child-lifting". Winter fur is retained longest by lactating females, although with some hair loss around their teats. Territory size depends largely on the amount of prey available and the age of the pack's pups. They have also established populations in Washington and Oregon. These leave gaping skin perforations over 4 cm (1 1⁄2 in) in diameter. [197][198][199] Lü Jiamin's 2004 semi-autobiographical novel Wolf Totem uses wolves as symbols of freedom and independence. [189] In another story, the wolf tricks and eats some rats by pretending to be lame but is foiled by the chief rat. This, coupled with their size and strength, makes rabid wolves perhaps the most dangerous of rabid animals. [36] The tail measures 29–50 cm (11–20 in) in length, the ears 90–110 mm (3 1⁄2–4 3⁄8 in) in height, and the hind feet are 220–250 mm (8 5⁄8–9 7⁄8 in). Wolf attacks on hunting dogs are considered a major problem in Scandinavia and Wisconsin. Older wolves generally have more white hairs on the tip of the tail, along the nose, and on the forehead. [142], In the contiguous United States, wolf declines were caused by the expansion of agriculture, the decimation of the wolf's main prey species like the American bison, and extermination campaigns. [36][73], Brown bears typically dominate wolf packs in disputes over carcasses, while wolf packs mostly prevail against bears when defending their den sites. The Grey Wolf is known as the Timber Wolf in North America and the White Wolf in the Arctic, or more generally as the Common Wolf. During the 1990s average annual losses to wolves in Minnesota were 72 cattle, 33 sheep, and 648 turkeys, plus a few individuals of other types of livestock. [110] Newborn wolf pups look similar to German Shepherd Dog pups. [102] Aggressive or self-assertive wolves are characterized by their slow and deliberate movements, high body posture and raised hackles, while submissive ones carry their bodies low, flatten their fur, and lower their ears and tail. Wolf fur provides better insulation than dog fur and does not collect ice when warm breath is condensed against it. [40] Under Canadian law, First Nations people can hunt wolves without restrictions, but others must acquire licenses for the hunting and trapping seasons. [214][219] Shepherd dogs are sometimes killed by wolves. [221] Although wolves may react aggressively when provoked, such attacks are mostly limited to quick bites on extremities, and the attacks are not pressed. As its name indicates, the gray wolf typically has thick gray fur, although pure white or all blac… [27], The common ancestor of the coyote and the wolf has admixed with a ghost population of an extinct unidentified canid. Young females give birth to four to five young, and older females from six to eight young and up to 14. Should one of the pair die, another mate is found quickly. [175] For the Pawnee, Sirius is the "wolf star" and its disappearance and reappearance signified the wolf moving to and from the spirit world. The pups grow rapidly and are moved farther and more often as summer comes to an end. [214], Wolves and wolf-dog hybrids are sometimes kept as exotic pets. [84][85] There is at least one case in Israel of a hyena associating and cooperating with a wolf pack. [109], The gestation period lasts 62–75 days with pups usually being born in the spring months or early summer in very cold places such as on the tundra. [137] The tick Dermacentor pictus also infests wolves. [182], The concept of people turning into wolves, and the inverse, has been present in many cultures. One wolf chased a caribou for 8 km (5 mi), another chased and tracked a deer for 20 km (12 mi), and one 11-year-old wolf chased and caught an Arctic hare after seven minutes. They became known as the Shasta Pack. The sides of the body, tail, and outer limbs are a pale dirty ochreous colour, while the inner sides of the limbs, belly, and groin are white. Their coat color is typically a mix of gray and brown with buffy facial markings and undersides, but the color can vary from solid white to brown or black. In most areas of the world, humans are the leading cause of death for wolves. Others can be closer to 100 pounds. [108] During pregnancy, female wolves remain in a den located away from the peripheral zone of their territories, where violent encounters with other packs are less likely to occur. Such attacks are unusual but have occurred in Eurasia and India and sometimes have resulted in death. [15] In June 2019, the severed yet preserved head of a Pleistocene wolf, dated to over 40,000 years ago, was found close to the Tirekhtyakh River in Yakutia, Russia, near the Arctic Circle. Grey Wolf is about those types of people, that amount of power AND about the “spoils of war” that when you read the numbers, if you are like me, they WILL BE over our collective heads. Although Aesop used wolves to warn, criticize and moralize about human behaviour, his portrayals added to the wolf's image as a deceitful and dangerous animal. [36], Wolves advertise their territories to other packs through howling and scent marking. Stock losses are higher in Eurasia. Gray wolves look somewhat like a large German shepherd. Caribou live in herds of thousands which presents dangers for wolves. [131] The breeding pair typically monopolizes food to continue producing pups. [36] The winter fur is highly resistant to the cold. Such attacks typically occur only locally and do not stop until the wolves involved are eliminated. Wolves have been recorded on numerous occasions actively seeking out American black bears in their dens and killing them without eating them. Pups begin to eat solid food at the age of three to four weeks. [34] The wolf's legs are moderately longer than those of other canids, which enables the animal to move swiftly, and to overcome the deep snow that covers most of its geographical range in winter. [196] Farley Mowat's largely fictional 1963 memoir Never Cry Wolf is widely considered to be the most popular book on wolves, having been adapted into a Hollywood film and taught in several schools decades after its publication. [118] Wolves are nocturnal predators. [19] Studies in 2017 and 2018 found that the Himalayan wolf is part of a lineage that is basal to other wolves and split from them 691,000–740,000 years ago. Large hunting dogs such as Swedish Elkhounds are more likely to survive wolf attacks because of their better ability to defend themselves. [22][23] Other wolves appear to have originated in Beringia in an expansion that was driven by the huge ecological changes during the close of the Late Pleistocene. Offspring may leave to form their own packs on the onset of sexual maturity and in response to competition for food within the pack. For other species of wolf and other uses, see, "Grey Wolf" and "Gray Wolf" redirect here. Global wolf range based on the IUCN (2018). Wolves measure 105–160 cm (41–63 in) in length and 80–85 cm (31–33 in) at shoulder height. In the rare cases where other wolves are adopted, the adoptee is almost invariably an immature animal of one to three years old, and unlikely to compete for breeding rights with the mated pair. [222], Cases of rabid wolves are low when compared to other species, as wolves do not serve as primary reservoirs of the disease, but can be infected by animals such as dogs, jackals and foxes. It was the first wolf species to be featured in the game. They usually work the hardest at killing prey, and may rest after a long hunt and allow the rest of the family to eat undisturbed. [214], The fear of wolves has been pervasive in many societies, though humans are not part of the wolf's natural prey. Males weigh 100–130 pounds, females weigh 80–110 pounds. More than thirty subspecies of Canis lupus have been recognized, and gray wolves, as colloquially understood, comprise non-domestic/feral subspecies. [45], In cold climates, the wolf can reduce the flow of blood near its skin to conserve body heat. It travels in nuclear families consisting of a mated pair accompanied by their offspring. Wolves increase their rate of scent marking when they encounter the marks of wolves from other packs. [155] Israel has protected its wolves since 1954 and has maintained a moderately sized population of 150 through effective enforcement of conservation policies. Both sexes are very active in attacking and killing prey, but during the summer hunts are often conducted alone. Wolves also eat grass, which may provide some vitamins. [40], Like all land mammals that are pack hunters, the wolf feeds predominantly on wild herbivorous hoofed mammals that can be divided into large size 240–650 kg (530–1,430 lb) and medium size 23–130 kg (51–287 lb), and have a body mass similar to that of the combined mass of the pack members. This method relies heavily on the wolf's fear of human scents, though it can lose its effectiveness when wolves become accustomed to the odor. New to Silent Hunter and GWX? [109], Single wolves or mated pairs typically have higher success rates in hunting than do large packs; single wolves have occasionally been observed to kill large prey such as moose, bison and muskoxen unaided. [177] In Chinese astronomy, the wolf represents Sirius as the "blue beast" and the star itself is called the "heavenly wolf". A pack’s territory can be 80 to 3,000 square km (31 to 1,200 square miles), depending on prey abundance, and it is vigorously defended against neighbouring packs. They continued to survive in parts of Finland, Southern Europe, and Eastern Europe. It is proposed that the hyena could benefit from the wolves' superior ability to hunt large, agile prey. [27], In more recent times, some male Italian wolves originated from dog ancestry, which indicates female wolves will breed with male dogs in the wild. Often caribou and deer will flee, but sometimes deer also make a stand. “The Grey Wolf will bring significantly improved capabilities, ready to rapidly deliver more defenders to missile fields while also providing increased convoy security.” [89] During times of prey abundance caused by calving or migration, different wolf packs may join together temporarily. There are three species and close to 40 subspecies of wolf, according to the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS), so they come in many different sizes. The wolf leaps at its quarry and tears at it. Wolves were domesticated several thousand years ago, and selective breeding produced dogs. [42] The size and weight of the modern wolf increases proportionally with latitude in accord with Bergmann's rule. The ability of wolves to form strong social bonds with one another is what makes the wolf pack possible. [214], Dogs that are employed to guard sheep help to mitigate human–wolf conflicts, and are often proposed as one of the non-lethal tools in the conservation of wolves.
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